What was the League of Nations? The Last Time America Turned Away From the World, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/opinion/league-of-nations-lodge-wilson.html. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. President Woodrow Wilson had urged the Senate to approve the treaty. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. Our entry in the great war just closed was entirely in accord with and violated in no respect the policy laid down by Washington. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. Courtesy of Library of Congress That which we refuse to do in war we are to do in peace, deliberately, coolly, and with no war exigency. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Usage Policy | Read online World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. The next Republican secretary of state, Charles Evans Hughes, brought off such diplomatic feats as the naval disarmament treaties of 1921 and the Dawes and Young Plans to aid European economic recovery forerunners of the Marshall Plan. As it stands there is serious danger that the very nations which sign the constitution of the league will quarrel about the meaning of the various articles before a twelvemonth has passed. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. For more information, visit Alpha History or our Terms of Use. Not just his enjoyment at the Longworths party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets. page 202 note 1. But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? That was not to be. Europe and Asia are to take part in policing the American continent and the Panama Canal, and in return we are to have, by way of compensation, the right to police the Balkans and Asia Minor when we are asked to do so. The League of Nations Must Be Revised (1919), Henry Cabot Lodge. Taken together, the labors of this Roosevelt-Lodge partnership forged the reputation of their Republican Party as the exponent of a more vigorous, forceful and outward-looking foreign policy, in contrast to the Democrats narrower horizons and embrace of traditional isolation horizons that Wilson would do much to expand. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. More. Perhaps it is. "I think of the United States first. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. beauty pie dupes How anyone can say this passes my comprehension. I have seen it said that the Monroe doctrine is preserved under article 10 [calling for a collective security agreement among League members]; that we do not abandon the Monroe doctrine, we merely extend it to all the world. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. LAC nsk 2019-09-04 update (1 card), Ford, Worthington Chauncey - Library of Congress. "Are we ready to give to other nations the power to say who shall come into the United States and become citizens of the Republic?" You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh adjective you see fit to apply, but an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. 'Post equitem sedet atra cura,' Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. Content Responsibility | Lodge and Wilson remained bitter enemies until Wilson's death on February 3, 1924. If he was, he masked his sorrow well. Lodge honored the president's request that the committee refrain from public comment on the matter and was outraged to learn that Wilson intended to deliver a public address in Boston to muster public support for the League immediately upon his arrival. The language of these articles does not appear to me to have the precision and unmistakable character which a constitution, a treaty, or a law ought to present. Lodge entered the history books as the man who sank American participation in the League of Nations and led to a retreat from international leadership, at a time when, many historians argue, the world needed America to take such leadership. ", In 1919, Lodge was at the height of a long and distinguished career. He began with the impassioned argument that the document repudiated George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, two sacred canons of American foreign policy. 13 (Oct. 23, 1832). "The inquiry has been so enduring," historian Herbert F. Margulies has observed, "that the story of the League's rejection has entered folklore and become almost mythological, with President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge the larger-than-life protagonists. Regulatory Octopus Is Strangling Our Economy, Look Out: AI Is Becoming Smarter as Humans Are Becoming Stupider. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. Please help us continue to extend Liberty to the next generation and support the 2023 Patriots' Day Campaign today. Senator Johnson corroborates Lodge's statements about a loss of national autonomy in policy and lawmaking. Dr. Cooper is a professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The president, gravely ill after an exhausting tour to promote the League precipitated a crippling stroke, refused to compromise. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike is to me repulsive. should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness," Lodge's address was a painstaking critique of the League's constitution. We have had shortcomings. Mass.). Washington declared against permanent alliances. (Close Reading) What is Lodge's argument in Document B. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard University. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. We are left to infer that any nation withdrawing from the league exposes itself to penalties and probably to war. League of Nations Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. What changed? One possibility is that Lodge saw the issue differently over the four-year gap in time. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. Democrats tended to support the treaty and Republicans tended to oppose it. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. shows how Senators from each party voted on issues that Wilson supported. Lawrence Collection (Library of Congress) Standing always firmly by these great policies, we have thriven and prospered and have done more to preserve the world's peace than any nation, league, or alliance which ever existed. Business Ethics - Stephen M. Byars . The ___ Amendment gave women the right to vote. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. He died. The Treaty of Versailles was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and included a covenant establishing the League of Nations, which convened its first council meeting on January 16, 1920. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. This suggests that party considerations were important in the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and supports the idea that Lodge may have changed his positions for political reasons. Transcription 1 2 3 Where the Domino Fell4 5 Where the Domino Fell America and Vietnam Sixth Edition James S. Olson and Randy Roberts6 This sixth edition first published John Wiley & Sons, Inc Edition History: Brandywine Press (5e, 2006); Blackwell Publishing, Ltd (revised 5e, 2008) Wiley Blackwell. He also took the lead in persuading Dwight Eisenhower to run for their partys 1952 presidential nomination because he and other establishment Republicans recoiled from what they decried as the isolationism of the other main contender, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio who was, ironically, the son of Wilsons strongest Republican supporter in the League of Nations fight. Keeping Secrets From You. During his entire time in Saigon, Lodge acted like a proconsul and advocated ever larger American military intervention. I press this point because there is nothing so vital to the peace of the world as the sanctity of treaties. Henry Cabot Lodge, (born May 12, 1850, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.died November 9, 1924, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Republican U.S. senator for more than 31 years (1893-1924); he led the successful congressional opposition to his country's participation in the League of Nations following World War I. But it is well to remember that we are dealing with nations every one of which has a direct individual interest to serve, and there is grave danger in an unshared idealism. When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. One hundred years ago, on Nov. 19, 1919, Alice Roosevelt Longworth threw a late-night party. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. I know that some of the ardent advocates of the plan submitted to us regard any suggestion of the importance of the Washington policy as foolish and irrelevant. He did not close the door on temporary alliances for particular purposes. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. The Stumbling Block. Initially he endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism in an address before the League to Enforce Peace (May 1916), but, when a world organization with compulsory arbitration was advocated by Pres. I now come to questions of substance, which seem to me to demand the most careful thought of the entire American people, and particularly of those charged with the responsibility of ratification. At his urging, Senate Democrats refused to support the treaty with Lodge's reservations, and joined forces with the "irreconcilables"who opposed the treaty in any formto defeat it on November 19, 1919. They should also see that a senator might not be completely honest in a public speech, especially if their true motivations would be unpopular with voters. When in 1919 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, Lodge became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. Document A - Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 ,Document B - Henry Cabot Lodge, 1915, Document C - John Milton Cooper, Document D - Senator Norris, & Document E - Senator Johnson. He was so great a man that the fact that this country had produced him was enough of itself to justify the Revolution and our existence as a Nation. It is almost needless to say that the question now before us is so momentous that it transcends all party linesNo question has ever confronted the United States Senate which equals in importance that which is involved in the league of nations intended to secure the future peace of the world. He succeeded in adding fourteen reservations to the treaty. The League of Nations November 19, 1919. . Under this draft of the constitution of the league of nations, American questions and European questions and Asian and African questions are all alike put within the control and jurisdiction of the league. The establishment of the League of Nations. On Mar. he asked. Henry Cabot Lodge, August 12, 1919 (Modified) Mr. President: I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first. Henry Cabot Lodge BOOK A SPEECH; CLIPS FOR SCHOOLROOMS; ACADEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. Beware how you trifle with your marvellous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. We ought to lay aside once and for all the unfounded and really evil suggestion that because men differ as to the best method of securing the world's peace in the future, anyone is against permanent peace, if it can be obtained, among all the nations of mankindWe all earnestly desire to advance toward the preservation of the world's peace, and difference in method makes no distinction in purpose. Bidens Security Disaster, As riches increase and accumulate in few hands, as luxury prevails in society, virtue will be in a greater degree considered as only a graceful appendage of wealth, and the tendency of things will be to depart from the republican standard. Sandro Magister tells us about the Popes hatred of proselytism and how his attitude is at variance with the history of the, I don't know what the Pope is so afraid of,, I hand write my taxes simply to annoy the IR, End stage (or near end stage) sexual libera, It's interesting. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage. With the entrance of the United States into World War I (1917), he called for united support of the war effort. Borah's address moved Henry Cabot Lodge to tears. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. These questions and doubts must be answered and removed by the instrument itself. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. 2. In this speech, Republican Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations Henry Cabot Lodge speaks to the Senate about US sovereignty and the need for the nation to be cautious about Wilson's proposed League of Nations. Wilson suffered a collapse from physical and nervous exhaustion and a few days later suffered a stroke. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. Congress ultimately declared the end of the war in a joint resolution adopted on July 2, 1921. 2. Wilson submitted the treaty, without Lodge's reservations, to the Senate a second time in 1920 but failed to obtain the two-thirds vote needed for approval. Henry Cabot Lodge Quotes - BrainyQuote. For ourselves we . Download World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. This echoes the concerns that Lodge raised about American forces being deployed at the request of the League of Nations. Even when he began to reject Wilsons vision of internationalism, Lodge protested that he had no superstitious regard for George Washingtons and Thomas Jeffersons bans on permanent and entangling alliances. What I have just said indicates the vast importance of the form and the manner in which the agreements which we are to sign shall be stated. The principles of the Farewell Address in regard to our foreign relations have been sustained and acted upon by the American people. Wilson departed for the January 1919 Versailles peace conference without seeking the advice of senators from either party; once there, he insisted that his proposals for a League of Nations be incorporated into the peace settlement. Everybody hates war. This is all the more essential because it is evident, although not expressly stated, that this league is intended to be indissoluble, for there is no provision for its termination or for the withdrawal of any signatory. Document: The Senate and the League of Nations . Pdf. "If we do this," he cautioned, "we are prepared to part with the most precious of sovereign rights. Animated by the conviction that he would "follow no man and vote for no measures which, however well intended, seem in my best judgement to lead to dissensions rather than to harmony among the nations or to injury, peril, or injustice to my country," and his insistence that the Senate, "which is charged with responsibility . Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? In 1960, he was the vice-presidential running mate to Richard Nixon, who also lost to Kennedy, who, in turn, later appointed Lodge to be ambassador to South Vietnam. 1. Sixty-three of them just one short of the two-thirds needed for consent voted yea. Whether any others might have been persuaded to join them by a still-healthy Wilson remains an intriguing question. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether. Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. The landslide election of Republican Warren G. Harding in 1920 was considered a vindication of the Lodge position, and with enhanced prestige he went on to serve as one of four U.S. delegates to the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments (1921). No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfillment of noble ideals in the words 'league for peace.' What was the primary argument of Senate opponents such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Our mission and operation budgets are not financed by any political or special interest groups, and to protect our editorial integrity, we accept no advertising. This World War I website is created and maintained by Alpha History. He enjoyed some moments in the limelight he delivered the keynote speech at the 1920 Republican convention, and with his party back in power, he resumed his earlier role of a presidents foreign policy champion in the Capitol. Henry Cabot Lodge, Speech in US Senate Opposing US Joining the League of Nations [Some context for this document: Henry Cabot Lodge was a US Senator from Massachusetts in 1919, when the Senate took up the question of whether to approve the treaty that would allow the United States to join the new League of Nations. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. 3. range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. (Corroboration) To what extent does Senator Norris's speech corroborate Lodge's speech in Document A. the civilization and the peace of mankind. The President was so careful in this direction that he did not permit himself ever to refer to the nations by whose side we fought as "allies," but always as "nations associated with us in the war." Also available in digital form. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive. Hughess successor, Frank Kellogg, promoted the outlawry of war with the Kellogg-Briand Pact once characterized as peace at no price.. If you extend it to all the world, it ceases to exist, because it rests on nothing but the differentiation of the American Hemisphere from the rest of the world. Lodge, Henry Cabot. World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson. Not so coincidentally, Lodge had 14 reservations about the draft the same number as Wilsons January 1918 statement of war aims, the Fourteen Points. I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. The opposition came from two groups: the "Irreconcilables," who refused to join the League of Nations under any circumstances, and "Reservationists," led by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge, who wanted amendments made before they would ratify the Treaty. St Peter de Betancurt was born on 19 March 1626 at Chasna de Vilaflor on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. pic.twitter.com/KwytPSdiTA Bree A Dail (@breeadail) April 18, 2023 I have lived in Illinois all my 66 years. In 1924 he was relegated to being a barely noticed rank-and-file delegate to the national convention that nominated Coolidge, a disdained Bay State rival. The Monroe doctrine exists solely for the protection of the American Hemisphere, and to that hemisphere it was limited. Moreover, he was destitute of any personal ambitions to a degree never equaled by any other very great man known to us. Employment & Internships | He had served a quarter century in the Senate when he became the Republican floor leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee after the Democrats lost control of the body in 1918. Privacy Policy | That the nations must unite for peace and protection. But an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. August 12, 1919. Statutory and legal language must assert and command, not argue and describe. We have had shortcomings. Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 1919 By Andrew Glass. Soon after the war had broken out, Lodge had joined Roosevelt in favoring the Allies so fervently that they and other like-minded members of the northeastern Republican elite could barely disguise their yearning for intervention. The White House, at the direction of his wife, Edith, issued misleading reports that the president was suffering from nervous exhaustion and would soon recover. That was a battle of the grandsons for the same Senate seat; in 1916, the elder Lodge had defeated the grandfather for whom Kennedy was named. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come as in the years that have gone. Patrick Henry and Laurens were also addressed in anonymous letters; they forwarded the missives to Washington himself by way of reply. You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh adjective you see fit to apply. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage. All rights reserved. page 202 note 2. The stroke, soon followed by an unrelated but life-threatening infection, left Wilson isolated, physically debilitated, emotionally fragile and incapable of rendering sound political judgments. Of course I am sorry to have my reservations beaten, Lodge said the next day. The language only too frequently is not the language of laws or statues. I have never had but one allegiance; I cannot divide it now. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of the Federalist Papers; The Constitution; Which Amendments; Classics this Encouraged Constitution; Executive Branch Outsmart; Intrigue of President Elections; 90 Full Studies (2017 - 2021) 1. On February 28, 1919, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts began an assault on President Woodrow Wilson's proposal to establish a League of Nations that ultimately culminated in the Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. He gave more speeches in a shorter time than he had ever done before, even during his presidential campaigns. February 28, 1919. Also available in digital form. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of of Commoner Work; The Constitution; Of Amendments; Classics that Inspired Constitution; Executive Branch Overreach TR rides in an open landau on Fifteenth St., NW, escorted by mounted Rough Riders; Secret Service Lodge, Henry Cabot - McKenney, James Hall - Fuller, Melville Weston - Dalzell, John - Theodore Roosevelt Association Collection (Library of Congress) - Spooner, John C. (John Coit) - Roosevelt, Theodore. Eisenhower appointed Lodge ambassador to the United Nations, where he served for nearly eight years. words that were brilliant but often bitter." They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. . Contact | Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans view it as a threat to American sovereignty [power]? Do not think that I overstate this in the fondness of patriotism and with the partiality of one of his countrymen. (Close Reading) What are four reasons that Lodge gives for opposing the Treaty of Versailles? Terms of Use 2. Though Lodge claimed publicly that he was pleased to see the treaty go down in flames, he could not have been happy with the results. Whos In Charge of Clarence Thomas? I. Henry Cabot Lodge: Reservations with Regard to the Treaty . Four months after the first votes, on March 19, 1920, the Senate voted a last time on consent with the Lodge reservations and an additional reservation calling for Irish independence. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard . / The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. National I must remain, and in that way I like all other Americans can render the amplest service to the world. Copyright 2023 The Patriot Post. Another possibility is that Lodge still supported a league but objected to this particular vision for it. To say that it is a question of protecting the boundaries, the political integrity, or the American States, is not to state the Monroe doctrine.The real essence of that doctrine is that American questions shall be settled by Americans alone; that the Americas shall be separated from Europe in purely American questions. In 1915, many powerful Republicans supported a league, and the Democrats were not unified behind the idea. I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. All Rights Reserved. Our first ideal is our country, and we see her in the future, as in the past, giving service to all her people and to the world. The explanation or interpretation of any of these doubtful passages is not sufficient if made by one man, whether that man be the President of the United States, or a Senator, or anyone else. Partisan differences and personal rivalry had long strained Wilson's relationship with the powerful and opinionated Massachusetts senator, but the intensely nationalistic Lodge and most of his fellow Republicans had supported the president throughout the war. Time than he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing Ford, Worthington Chauncey - Library of.. Democrats were not unified behind the idea Ford, Worthington Chauncey - of. The University of Wisconsin-Madison so vital to the treaty and Republicans tended to support the treaty language laws! But an American I have always loved one flag and I can divide. 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